Our emotional state plays a crucial role in how we experience life and respond to challenges. For most people, moods naturally fluctuate in response to everyday events. However, when these emotional shifts become extreme or last longer than is typically expected, they may signal a deeper issue: a mood disorder. These mental health conditions affect millions of people globally and can severely disrupt one’s overall well-being. 

Recognizing the types of mood disorders, understanding how they’re diagnosed, and exploring the available treatment options are crucial steps for effective management and recovery. 

What are the different mood disorders?

Mood disorders are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in an individual’s emotional state. People with these conditions may experience extended periods of extreme sadness or happiness (sometimes, a mix of both), and these periods may be accompanied by feelings of anxiety, anger, or irritability. 

It’s important to seek support from mental health professionals, such as therapists, psychologists, and those qualified through a Masters in Counseling Psychology, as soon as symptoms of a mood disorder appear. 

The most common types of mood disorders are:

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

People suffering from MDD will experience persistent and intense feelings of sadness and a lack of interest in activities that they would usually find pleasurable. Symptoms often include fatigue, changes in appetite, changes in sleeping habits, and difficulty concentrating. 

Depression is a broad category and is not limited to MDD. Other types of depression include postpartum depression (a type of depression that affects women during or after a pregnancy) and seasonal affective disorder (depression triggered by certain seasons of the year). 

Bipolar disorder

Individuals with bipolar disorder will alternate between periods of intense emotional states (typically, depression and mania). Manic episodes are marked by elevated mood and impulsive behavior, while depressive episodes resemble major depression. Periods of neutral emotional states also occur in those with bipolar disorder. 

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Much more severe than PMS, PMDD is an at times debilitating condition that causes mood swings and depressive symptoms in the days leading up to menstruation. It is thought that PMDD is a result of the hormonal changes that trigger menstruation, however, the exact cause is unknown. 

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Persistent depressive disorder is a form of chronic depression with less severe symptoms than MDD but lasting for two years or more (as opposed to occurring in episodes, like MDD typically does). Individuals with this disorder may feel flat most of the time; however, the key to the diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder is not a focus on the intensity of the symptoms, but their duration. 

How are mood disorders diagnosed?

Mood disorders are typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical interviews and psychological assessments. A physical examination may also be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions that may provide a physiological cause for the symptoms of a mood disorder (such as a thyroid disorder). A mental health professional evaluates the duration and severity of an individual’s mood disorder and also assesses the impact that the mood disorder has had on the person’s life. Standardized tools like the DSM-5 are often used to ensure accurate diagnoses.

Treatment options available 

Once a mood disorder has been accurately diagnosed, a healthcare professional will suggest a range of options to treat the disorder. Treatment for mood disorders often involves a multifaceted approach, with a combination of different strategies being used as opposed to just one.  

• Medication: antidepressants, antipsychotics, anti-anxiety medication, or mood stabilizers may be prescribed depending on the specific disorder and individual needs. Side effects when taking medication are not uncommon, hence, individuals must work closely with their healthcare provider to find the medication that suits them best. 
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): this type of therapy focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. Scientific evidence has proved CBT to be effective when treating mood disorders as well as many other mental health conditions. The psychologist will tailor CBT strategies to their client, and adapt as necessary.
• Lifestyle changes: incorporating certain healthy lifestyle changes can support the overall mental health of individuals. For example, regular exercise can boost mood and reduce symptoms of depression, while a balanced diet will support brain health and emotional well-being. Other lifestyle changes that can be used to treat a mood disorder include ensuring that an individual has adequate amounts of sleep and a reliable toolkit of techniques that they can use to manage stress. 

Mood disorders are complex conditions that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. With proper diagnosis and a comprehensive treatment plan, individuals can manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. 

If you or someone you know is struggling with a mental health condition, don’t hesitate to reach out to a mental health professional for support.